“RWE Drops 905-Megawatt Scottish Offshore Wind Project ... - PR-USA.net” plus 1 more |
| RWE Drops 905-Megawatt Scottish Offshore Wind Project ... - PR-USA.net Posted: 27 May 2010 03:47 AM PDT Message from Five Filters: If you can, please donate to the full-text RSS service so we can continue developing it. Written by Martin Lynch, European News Editor for Industrial Info (Galway, Ireland) -- In a surprising U-turn, the U.K. arm of German energy giant RWE AG (OTC:RWEOY) (Essen, Germany) has pulled out of the 905-megawatt (MW) Inch Cape offshore wind project off the coast of Scotland.
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| Emergence: contemporary readings in philosophy and ... - Examiner Posted: 27 May 2010 03:43 PM PDT Message from Five Filters: If you can, please donate to the full-text RSS service so we can continue developing it. The book titled "Emergence: Contemporary readings in philosophy and science" edited by Bedau and Humphreys features a collection of articles and essays that discusses the definition of emergence and whether or not this phenomena really exists. Emergence in general pertains to the concept that some global phenomena can come into existence from more basic phenomena and this global phenomena is not reducible to its constituents. Water is discussed in one of the articles as an example of emergent phenomena where we can know everything that there is to know about properties of water molecules and not come to the conclusion that a collection of water molecules can form a substance that has properties of transparency and liquidity. Life itself is argued in few other articles to be an example of emergent phenomena where new properties emerge at more global level that simply are not reducible to any of its constituents. Same argument is made for human mind as well. The concept of emergence stands in stark contrast to reductionism, one of the most basic principles in all scientific disciplines where anything that needs scientific explanation needs to be broken down into its constituents and analyzed piece by piece. If the concept of emergence really is true, then it means disciplines like psychology and cognitive science need to drastically alter their methodology because they are analyzing their subject matter at an inappropriate level. The book does a good job keeping the balance between supporting the concept of emergence and being skeptical about it at the same time. The book for example includes an article from Carl Hempel, a philosopher of science and proponent of reductionism who classifies emergence as simply a description of lack of knowledge. So the reason why water molecules collectively appear to bring forth new properties is because there is lack of knowledge about individual water molecules. It's not that reduction is not applicable to describing water, but that more scientific work at the molecular level needs to be done. It should also be noted that the book begins with a chapter that talks about earliest views on emergentism and how they were abandoned in early 20th century because of their lack of application and the book ends on a chapter that talks about how latest definition of emergence fails to describe mental phenomenon. The implication being made here is that the concept of emergence might be intriguing enough to deserve some scholarly and academic attention but there is more work that needs to be done in order to apply it to various scientific disciplines. After all, even though reduction has been extremely successful in the field of science, it is still a theoretical assumption. By the way, anyone interested in hands on approach in exploring the concept of emergence should spend a little time playing this free online game called game of life that was invented by Cambridge mathematician John Conway in 1970s. It is a good way to understand how something new can come out of simple basic units.
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